- 1942-1964: Bracero Program
o Guest-worker treaty between US and Mexico
o Ended due to reports of illegal immigrants, illegal immigrants, and improved farming techniques
o More than 4.5 million Mexicans participated
- 1943:
o Alien Land Laws in Utah, Nebraska and Arkansas
o Immigration Act of 1943
§ Repealed Asian exclusion laws
- 1945: Alien Land Law in Minnesota
- 1950-1965: The first wave of post-Castro immigrants. They received much help from the US government including food, clothes, financial assistance, health assistance, job search assistance, and bilingual education.
- 1952:
o McCarran-Walter Act / Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
§ Declared Cubans to be victims of communism and exempted these immigrants from the immigration quotas in effect at the time.
§ Eased immigration restrictions on Asians
- 1954: Operation Wetback
o INS commissioner General Joseph “Jumpin’ Joe” Swing launched a plan aimed on cracking down on illegal aliens but more often focused on Mexicans.
o Southeastern state were militarized as police searched neighborhoods for illegal aliens
o Border Patrol agents adopted the practice of stopping people who looked as if they were Mexican and asking for their identification
o Mexicans who were deported were dropped off deep in Mexico so that it would be more difficult for them to return to the US
o Sometimes illegal aliens were deported along with their American-born children
o Nearly 4 million Mexicans deported
- 1964: The first maquiladoras were built in Mexican border towns. These factories, the majority of which were owned by American corporations, were a source of cheap labor.
- 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act
o Removed restrictions on non-European immigration, thus eliminating most of the racially and nationally discriminatory immigration policies
o However, the number of immigrants permitted to emigrate was capped by Eastern and Western hemisphere
- 1965-1973:Cuban immigrants arrived on the Freedom Flights
- 1966: Cuban Adjustment Act
o Eased requirements for Cuban immigrants to obtain permanent residency, thus speeding up the process to obtain citizenship.
- 1968: Bilingual Education Act of 1968
o Federal law authorizing federal assistance to school children with weak English-speaking abilities
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/mexico704/history/timeline.html
Immigration in U.S. History Edited by Carl Bankston & Danielle Hidalgo
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